-
1 not to tolerate the severities of a northern climate
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > not to tolerate the severities of a northern climate
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2 climate
ˈklaɪmɪt
1. сущ.
1) климат arid climate ≈ сухой климат humid climate ≈ влажный климат temperate climate ≈ умеренный климат tropical climate ≈ тропический климат
2) район с определенным климатом The husbandry on Norway, and other northern climates. ≈ Сельское хозяйство в Норвегии и других северных районах.
3) атмосфера, обстановка, настроение climate of opinion, climate of thought ≈ состояние общественного мнения, общественный климат Syn: atmosphere
2. гл.
1) акклиматизировать, приспосабливать к новой среде
2) возвр. акклиматизироваться, приспосабливаться к новой среде ∙ acclimatize климат - mild * мягкий климат - temperate * умеренный климат район, область с определенным режимом погоды атмосфера, настроение, умонастроение - * of opinion общественное мнение - * of confidence атмосфера доверия - international * международная обстановка (американизм) акклиматизировать (американизм) акклиматизироваться climate атмосфера;
настроение;
состояние общественного мнения (часто climate of opinion) ;
international climate международная обстановка;
in a friendly climate в атмосфере дружбы ~ климат economic ~ экономический климат climate атмосфера;
настроение;
состояние общественного мнения (часто climate of opinion) ;
international climate международная обстановка;
in a friendly climate в атмосфере дружбы climate атмосфера;
настроение;
состояние общественного мнения (часто climate of opinion) ;
international climate международная обстановка;
in a friendly climate в атмосфере дружбы weak economic ~ неблагоприятное состояние экономики -
3 climate
['klaɪmət] 1. сущ.1) климатpeople who lived in Alaska and other northern climates — люди, которые жили на Аляске и в других северных регионах
3) атмосфера, обстановка, настроениеclimate of opinion, climate of thought — состояние общественного мнения, общественный климат
Syn:2. гл.а) акклиматизировать, приспосабливать к новой средеб) акклиматизироваться, приспосабливаться к новой среде•Syn: -
4 (a) northern wind
a northern wind (climate) северный ветер (климат) -
5 types of climates
= climate -
6 tolerate
v1) терпіти, зносити2) бути терпимим (толерантним)3) дозволяти, допускати4) витримувати; переносити5) мед. бути толерантним* * *1) υl. терпіти, виноситиto tolerate smb s presence [smbs impudence] — терпіти чиюсь присутність [чыо-л нахабство]
I cant tolerate him — я його не виношу, я його терпіти не можу
3) допускати, дозволяти4) витримувати, переносити5) мeд. бути толерантним -
7 tolerate
ˈtɔləreɪt гл.
1) выносить, терпеть
2) допускать;
дозволять, позволять, разрешать Syn: permit, allow, condescend
3) мед. быть толерантным терпеть, выносить - to * smb.'s presence терпеть чье-л. присутствие - I can't * him я его не выношу, я его терпеть не могу быть терпимым - to * differences of opinion терпимо относиться к различиям во взглядах допускать, дозволять - not to * interference in one's affairs не допускать вмешательства в свои дела - I will not * such behaviour я не потерплю такого поведения выдерживать, переносить - not to * the severities of a northern climate не выдержать жестокого северного климата (медицина) быть толерантным tolerate мед. быть толерантным ~ выдерживать ~ выносить ~ допускать;
дозволять ~ допускать, дозволять ~ допускать ~ терпеть, выноситьБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > tolerate
-
8 tolerate
[ʹtɒləreıt] v1. терпеть, выноситьto tolerate smb.'s presence [smb.'s impudence] - терпеть чьё-л. присутствие [чью-л. наглость]
I can't tolerate him - я его не выношу, я его терпеть не могу
2. быть терпимымto tolerate differences of opinion - терпимо относиться к различиям во взглядах
3. допускать, дозволятьnot to tolerate interference in one's affairs - не допускать вмешательства в свои дела
4. выдерживать, переноситьnot to tolerate the severities of a northern climate - не выдержать жестокого северного климата
5. мед. быть толерантным -
9 tolerate
1) υl. терпіти, виноситиto tolerate smb s presence [smbs impudence] — терпіти чиюсь присутність [чыо-л нахабство]
I cant tolerate him — я його не виношу, я його терпіти не можу
3) допускати, дозволяти4) витримувати, переносити5) мeд. бути толерантним -
10 tolerate
1. v терпеть, выносить2. v быть терпимым3. v допускать, дозволять4. v выдерживать, переносить5. v мед. быть толерантнымСинонимический ряд:1. bear (verb) abide; accept; bear; bear with; brook; condone; countenance; digest; endure; go; lump; pocket; put up with; stand; stick out; stomach; support; sustain; swallow; sweat out; take; tough out2. let (verb) allow; leave; let; suffer3. permit (verb) admit; consent to; indulge; oblige; permit; recognise; recognize; sanction; warrantАнтонимический ряд:outlaw; reject -
11 Agriculture
Historically, Portugal's agricultural efficiency, measured in terms of crop yields and animal productivity, has been well below that of other European countries. Agricultural inefficiency is a consequence of Portugal's topography and climate, which varies considerably from north to south and has influenced farm size and farming methods. There are three major agricultural zones: the north, center, and south. The north (the area between the Douro and Minho Rivers, including the district of Trás-os-Montes) is mountainous with a wet (180-249 cm of rainfall/year), moderately cool climate. It contains about 2 million hectares of cultivated land excessively fragmented into tiny (3-5 hectares) family-owned farms, or minifúndios, a consequence of ancient settlement patterns, a strong attachment to the land, and the tradition of subdividing land equally among family members. The farms in the north produce the potatoes and kale that are used to make caldo verde soup, a staple of the Portuguese diet, and the grapes that are used to make vinho verde (green wine), a light sparkling white wine said to aid the digestion of oily and greasy food. Northern farms are too small to benefit from mechanization and their owners too poor to invest in irrigation, chemical fertilizers, or better seeds; hence, agriculture in the north has remained labor intensive, despite efforts to regroup minifúndios to increase farm size and efficiency.The center (roughly between the Douro and the Tagus River) is bisected by the Mondego River, the land to either side of which is some of the most fertile in Portugal and produces irrigated rice, corn, grapes, and forest goods on medium-sized (about 100 hectares) farms under a mixture of owner-cultivation and sharecropping. Portugal's center contains the Estrela Mountains, where sheep raising is common and wool, milk, and cheese are produced, especially mountain cheese ( Queijo da Serra), similar to French brie. In the valley of the Dão River, a full-bodied, fruity wine much like Burgundy is produced. In the southern part of the center, where the climate is dry and soils are poor, stock raising mixes with cereal crop cultivation. In Estremadura, the area north of Lisbon, better soils and even rainfall support intensive agriculture. The small farms of this area produce lemons, strawberries, pears, quinces, peaches, and vegetables. Estremadura also produces red wine at Colares and white wine at Buçelas.The south (Alentejo and Algarve) is a vast rolling plain with a hot arid climate. It contains about 2.6 million hectares of arable land and produces the bulk of Portugal's wheat and barley. It also produces one of Portugal's chief exports, cork, which is made from bark cut from cork oaks at nine-year intervals. There are vast groves of olive trees around the towns of Elvas, Serpa, and Estremoz that provide Portugal's olives. The warm climate of the Algarve (the most southern region of Portugal) is favorable for the growing of oranges, pomegranates, figs, and carobs. Almonds are also produced. Farms in the south, except for the Algarve, are large estates (typically 1,000 hectares or more in size) known as latifúndios, worked by a landless, wage-earning rural work force. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, these large estates were taken over by the state and turned into collective farms. During the 1990s, as the radicalism of the Revolution moderated, collectivized agriculture was seen as counterproductive, and the nationalized estates were gradually returned to their original owners in exchange for cash payments or small parcels of land for the collective farm workers.Portugal adopted the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) when it joined the European Union (EU) in 1986. The CAP, which is based on the principles of common pricing, EU preferences, and joint financing, has shifted much of Portugal's agricultural decision making to the EU. Under the CAP, cereals and dairy products have experienced declines in prices because these are in chronic surplus within the EU. Alentejo wheat production has become unprofitable because of poor soils. However, rice, tomatoes, sunflower, and safflower seed and potatoes, as well as Portuguese wines, have competed well under the CAP system. -
12 Introduction
Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.LAND AND PEOPLEThe Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into theAtlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)1864 4,287,000 first census1890 5,049,7001900 5,423,0001911 5,960,0001930 6,826,0001940 7,185,1431950 8,510,0001960 8,889,0001970 8,668,000* note decrease1980 9,833,0001991 9,862,5401996 9,934,1002006 10,642,8362010 10,710,000 (estimated) -
13 природа
жен.
1) nature существующий в природе ≈ in existence дикая природа ≈ unexplored wilderness изучать природу ≈ to study nature охрана природы ≈ conservancy
2) (окружающая среда) climate, environment
3) (разг.;
характер, качество) nature, character ∙ по природе ≈ by nature от природы ≈ from birth, by nature в природе вещей ≈ in the nature of thingsприрод|а - ж.
1. nature;
закон ~ы law of nature;
2. (совокупность естественных условий) physico-geographical features, physical background, natural life;
северная ~ the natural life of the North;
northern scenery;
3. (места вне города) landscape, scenery, country( side) ;
4. (сущность) nature;
(характер тж.) character, disposition;
человеческая ~ human nature;
он весёлый по ~е he is naturally cheerful;
он добрый по ~е he is of a kindly disposition;
от ~ы from birth;
слепой от ~ы blind from birth, born blind;
в ~e вещей in the nature of things;
игра ~ы freak of nature;
~ возьмёт своё nature will have its course;
~ный
5. (ecтественный) natural;
~ные богатства natural resources;
6. (врождённый) native, natural, innate;
~ный талант natural/innate gift;
~ный ум mother wit. -
14 affect
̈ɪəˈfekt I
1. сущ.;
псих. аффект The terms 'affect' and 'affective' denote the emotional-conative aspect of all mental activity. ≈ Термины 'аффект' и 'аффективный' выражают эмоционально-конативный аспект ментальной деятельности в целом. Syn: emotion
2. гл.
1) подвергать физическому воздействию, давлению
2) волновать, трогать, задевать, затрагивать, оказывать влияние( о мыслях, чувствах и т.д.) to affect smb. deeply, profoundly, strongly ≈ сильно повлиять на кого-л. Syn: influence
2., move
2., touch
2.
3) мед. поражать( о болезни) affected by influenza ≈ подхвативший грипп
4) в пасс. форме приписывать, предназначать, назначать (для какой-л. деятельности) affected to the promotion of science and learning ≈ назначенный на дела по продвижению вопросов науки и образования Syn: allot, attribute
2. II гл.
1) притворяться, делать вид, прикидываться
2) любить, предпочитать что-л. Syn: like, love
3) (о растениях, животных) быть распространенными (где-л.), обитать( где-л.) Syn: haunt, inhabit
4) иметь предрасположенность, тенденцию (к какому-либо типу развития) (о предметах, явлениях) Any body affects some regular shape. ≈ Любое физическое тело стремится принять какую-то определенную форму.(психологическое) аффект (воз) действовать;
влиять;
- the climate has *ed his health этот климат повлиял на его здоровье;
- to * public opinion оказать влияние на общественное мнение;
- it *s me personally это имеет ко мне прямое отношение, это касается меня лично волновать, трогать;
- the news *ed him greatly это известие на него сильно подействовало;
- to * smb. to tears растрогать кого-л до слез;
- he was not *ed by the play пьеса его не тронула, пьеса оставила его равнодушным вредить, наносить ущерб;
плохо отражаться, задевать;
- to * smb.'s interests задевать чьи-л интересы;
- smoking *s health курить вредно для здоровья (медицина) поражать;
- to * smb.'s heart подействовать кому-л на сердце;
отразиться на чьем-л сердце;
- smb.'s lungs are *ed затронуты легкие притворяться, прикидываться;
делать вид, принимать вид;
- to * ignorance притворяться незнающим;
- he *ed illness not to go to work он симулировал болезнь, чтобы не идти на работу;
- to * composure напускать на себя показное спокойствие;
- to * the freethinker изображать из себя вольнодумца;
- he *ed not to hear me он сделал вид, что не слышал меня имитировать, копировать, подражать;
- to * a Southern accent говорить с нарочитым южным акцентом часто употреблять: любить;
- to * loud neckties любить яркие галстуки;
- she *s old furniture она увлекается старинной мебелью;
- he *s carelessness in dress он одевается нарочито небрежно;
- he *s long words that few people can understand он щеголяет длинными словами, которые мало кто понимает принимать форму, вид;
- drops of every fluid * a round figure капли любой жидкости принимают округлую форму (редкое) нуждаться в определенных условиях;
- rice *s moist land рису нужна влажная почва населять, обитать;
- lions * Africa львы обитают в Африке;
- moss *s the northern slopes мох предпочитает северные склоныaffect психол. аффект ~ влиять ~ воздействовать ~ вредить ~ действовать (на кого-л.) ;
воздействовать, влиять ~ задевать, затрагивать;
to affect the interest затрагивать интересы;
to affect the character порочить репутацию ~ любить, предпочитать (что-л.) ~ наносить ущерб ~ поражать (о болезни) ;
affected by cold простуженный ~ притворяться, делать вид, прикидываться;
to affect ignorance прикидываться незнающим ~ трогать, волновать;
the news affected him известие взволновало его~ притворяться, делать вид, прикидываться;
to affect ignorance прикидываться незнающим~ задевать, затрагивать;
to affect the interest затрагивать интересы;
to affect the character порочить репутацию~ задевать, затрагивать;
to affect the interest затрагивать интересы;
to affect the character порочить репутацию~ поражать (о болезни) ;
affected by cold простуженный~ трогать, волновать;
the news affected him известие взволновало его -
15 affect
I1. [ʹæfekt] n психол.2. [əʹfekt] v1. (воз)действовать (на что-л.); влиятьthe climate has affected his health - этот климат (вредно) повлиял на его здоровье
to affect public opinion [smb.'s resolution, smb.'s choice] - оказать влияние на общественное мнение [на чьё-л. решение, на чей-л. выбор]
it affects me personally - это имеет ко мне прямое отношение, это касается меня лично
2. волновать, трогатьthe news [smb.'s words] affected him greatly - это известие [чьи-л. слова] на него сильно подействовало [подействовали]
to affect smb. to tears - растрогать кого-л. до слёз
he was not affected by the play - пьеса его не тронула, пьеса оставила его равнодушным
3. вредить, наносить ущерб; плохо отражаться, задеватьto affect smb.'s interests - задевать чьи-л. интересы
4. мед. поражатьto affect smb.'s heart [eye, lungs] - подействовать кому-л. на сердце [глаза, лёгкие]; отразиться на чьём-л. сердце [чьих-л. глазах, лёгких]
II [əʹfekt] vsmb.'s lungs [heart, liver] are [is] affected - затронуты лёгкие [-о сердце, -а печень]
1. 1) притворяться, прикидываться; делать вид, принимать видto affect ignorance [indifference] - притворяться незнающим [безразличным]
he affected illness not to go to work - он симулировал болезнь, чтобы не идти на работу
he affected not to hear me - он сделал вид, что не слышал меня
2) имитировать, копировать, подражать2. часто употреблять; любить (пользоваться чем-л.)to affect loud neckties - любить /носить/ яркие /броские/ галстуки
he affects long words that few people can understand - он щеголяет длинными словами, которые мало кто понимает
3. принимать форму, видdrops of every fluid affect a round figure - капли любой жидкости принимают округлую форму
4. редк. нуждаться в определённых условиях ( о животных и растениях)5. населять, обитать ( о животных и растениях)moss affects the northern slopes - мох предпочитает северные склоны /чаще растёт на северных склонах/
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16 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
17 CS
1) Общая лексика: Computing Science2) Компьютерная техника: Client Server, Coding Scheme, Communications Server, Computer Support, Ctrl Shift, context-sensitive (см. также CF)3) Биология: conditioned stimulus4) Авиация: Antipersonnel chemical incapacitating agent ( tear gas), call switch, center spar, certification standard5) Медицина: Chronic sinusitis6) Американизм: Confederate States7) Спорт: Cabin Sailer, Calgary Stampede, Camper Sniping, Car Sport, Carolina Spartan, Caught Stealing, Clean Sweep8) Военный термин: Central Servers, Chief Scientist, Classified Sensitive, Coalition Support, Command Staff, Common Software, Communication Services, Communications Service, Communications Software, Communications Support, Communications and Security, Constant Source, Counter Strike, Crew Simulator, Crew Station, Critical Studies, call sign, career-service, central supply, certificate of service, change of station, change of status, chief of section, circular scanning, close support, coded switch, combat scout, combat scout CRZ, close reconnaissance zone, combat serviceable, combat squadron, combat support, command selector, command system, commissary store, common and standard, common shell, communications squadron, communications station, communications system, community service, component specification, composite service, conical scanning, constant speed, construction, contract surgeon, control set, control signal, control station, control switch, control system, cost sharing, countersabotage, cross-section, current series, current strength, Си-Эс (ОВ раздражающего действия)9) Техника: Cassegrain system, calibration storage, call signal, change sheet, chrominance subcarrier, circuit switching, close shot, coarse sand, coast station, communication satellite, communications, communications switch, component support, computer slave, computer synchronization, condensate separator, condensate system, containment safety, containment spray, contract specialist, contrast sensitivity, control storage, control strobe, core spray, corona shower, correctable skew, cost of storing one for one year, current sector address, current status, cyclic storage11) Химия: Composite State12) Строительство: Coal Store13) Анатомия: coronary sinus (венечный синус)14) Математика: общая сумма (cumulative sum)15) Религия: Christian Saint16) Метеорология: Climate Services17) Железнодорожный термин: Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company18) Юридический термин: Civil Service, Constant Speeding, Court of Session, Crooking Shareholders19) Автомобильный термин: comfort shift (gearchange system which electropneumatically facilitates gear changing and provides)20) Грубое выражение: Censored Sucker, Cock Sucker21) Металлургия: Concrete Slab22) Политика: Costa Rica23) Телевидение: converter subcarrier24) Телекоммуникации: Cable Select, Clear To Send, Communications Satellite25) Сокращение: Captain / Commodore Superintendent, Central Services division (UK), Cesium, Chemical Society, Chief of Staff, Circuit Switch, Civil Servant, Civil aircraft marking (Portugal), Combat Support / System, Common Sensor, Communications Subsystem, Computer Science; Computing Science, Cone-Stabilised, Confined Space, Control Section, Costa Rica (NATO country code), County Seat, Customer Specification, Czech, Former Czechoslovakia, O-chlorobenzamalonitrile (Chemical warfare tear agent), carrier supply, cast stone, center section, centre section, coil sketch, conduct sheet, conducted susceptibility, core shift, cycle per second, common steel (projectile), common stocks, completely self-protecting, crankshaft, course shift (отклонение от курса)26) Университет: Computer Science27) Физиология: C-section, Cervical spine, Cesarean Section, Contrast sensitivity test28) Электроника: Circuit Simulator, Communication Satellites, Current Sensing29) Вычислительная техника: Card Services, Carrier Selection, card station, channel status, code segment, communication system, computer class, convergence sublayer, Convergence Sublayer (ATM), Coding Scheme (GPRS, Mobile-Systems), Chip Select (IC), Controlled Slip (error event, DS1/E1), Code Segment (register, CPU, Intel, Assembler), регистр сегмента команд30) Нефть: casing seat, compressor station, сантистокс (единица кинематической вязкости), упорное кольцо хвостовика (casing seat), уступ в скважине для опоры башмака обсадной колонны31) Иммунология: Control Systems32) Онкология: Cancer Survivors33) Связь: Capability Set (IN), control selector34) Картография: centre of stream, communication station35) Банковское дело: акция (capital stock), обыкновенная акция (common stock), обычная акция (common stock)36) Транспорт: Charging System37) Пищевая промышленность: Cherry Sunburst38) Силикатное производство: cement-sand ratio39) Экология: climatological study, coastal station, combined sewer40) СМИ: Cable Set, City Sport41) Деловая лексика: Case Size, Collaborative Selling, Consumer Surplus, Corporate Source, Critical Success, Customer Satisfaction, Customer Service, corporate sustainability42) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Carbon Steel (pipes)43) Образование: Creative Storytelling44) Инвестиции: capital stock, common stock45) Сетевые технологии: Client To Server, Concurrent Session, Connect Server, carrier sense, контроль носителя46) Полимеры: calendered sheet, commercial standard, controlled switch, cross section, сопротивление разрыву вулканизата (cured tensile strength)47) Программирование: Capture Stack, Character Set, Chip Select48) Автоматика: cost of storing one part for one year49) Контроль качества: cumulative sum50) Океанография: Committee on Seismology51) Сахалин Ю: sulfur52) Химическое оружие: a tear-producing compound, confirmatory sampling, contractor support53) Авиационная медицина: conditional stimulus54) Безопасность: (аэрозольное) слезоточивое вещество [слезоточивый газ] CS, Case Sensitive, cryptosystem55) Расширение файла: Cyclo-Stationary56) Нефть и газ: ГКС, КС, газокомпрессорная станция, компрессорная станция57) Электричество: защита от перегрузки (congestion safety)58) Электротехника: cable ship59) Имена и фамилии: Carl Sagan, Casey Stengel, Charles Springer, Charlie Springer, Clive Staples60) Расходометрия: (calibrated span) калиброванный интервал61) Hi-Fi. Circle Surround II62) Должность: Committee Substitute, Computing Studies63) Чат: Cool Stuff, Crummy Screen64) Правительство: City Street65) NYSE. Cabletron Systems, Inc.66) Программное обеспечение: Crystal Space67) Хобби: Club Stamp68) Федеральное бюро расследований: Confidential Source69) Виноделие: cold soaking-холодное настаивание70) Клинические исследования: клинически значимый -
18 Cs
1) Общая лексика: Computing Science2) Компьютерная техника: Client Server, Coding Scheme, Communications Server, Computer Support, Ctrl Shift, context-sensitive (см. также CF)3) Биология: conditioned stimulus4) Авиация: Antipersonnel chemical incapacitating agent ( tear gas), call switch, center spar, certification standard5) Медицина: Chronic sinusitis6) Американизм: Confederate States7) Спорт: Cabin Sailer, Calgary Stampede, Camper Sniping, Car Sport, Carolina Spartan, Caught Stealing, Clean Sweep8) Военный термин: Central Servers, Chief Scientist, Classified Sensitive, Coalition Support, Command Staff, Common Software, Communication Services, Communications Service, Communications Software, Communications Support, Communications and Security, Constant Source, Counter Strike, Crew Simulator, Crew Station, Critical Studies, call sign, career-service, central supply, certificate of service, change of station, change of status, chief of section, circular scanning, close support, coded switch, combat scout, combat scout CRZ, close reconnaissance zone, combat serviceable, combat squadron, combat support, command selector, command system, commissary store, common and standard, common shell, communications squadron, communications station, communications system, community service, component specification, composite service, conical scanning, constant speed, construction, contract surgeon, control set, control signal, control station, control switch, control system, cost sharing, countersabotage, cross-section, current series, current strength, Си-Эс (ОВ раздражающего действия)9) Техника: Cassegrain system, calibration storage, call signal, change sheet, chrominance subcarrier, circuit switching, close shot, coarse sand, coast station, communication satellite, communications, communications switch, component support, computer slave, computer synchronization, condensate separator, condensate system, containment safety, containment spray, contract specialist, contrast sensitivity, control storage, control strobe, core spray, corona shower, correctable skew, cost of storing one for one year, current sector address, current status, cyclic storage11) Химия: Composite State12) Строительство: Coal Store13) Анатомия: coronary sinus (венечный синус)14) Математика: общая сумма (cumulative sum)15) Религия: Christian Saint16) Метеорология: Climate Services17) Железнодорожный термин: Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company18) Юридический термин: Civil Service, Constant Speeding, Court of Session, Crooking Shareholders19) Автомобильный термин: comfort shift (gearchange system which electropneumatically facilitates gear changing and provides)20) Грубое выражение: Censored Sucker, Cock Sucker21) Металлургия: Concrete Slab22) Политика: Costa Rica23) Телевидение: converter subcarrier24) Телекоммуникации: Cable Select, Clear To Send, Communications Satellite25) Сокращение: Captain / Commodore Superintendent, Central Services division (UK), Cesium, Chemical Society, Chief of Staff, Circuit Switch, Civil Servant, Civil aircraft marking (Portugal), Combat Support / System, Common Sensor, Communications Subsystem, Computer Science; Computing Science, Cone-Stabilised, Confined Space, Control Section, Costa Rica (NATO country code), County Seat, Customer Specification, Czech, Former Czechoslovakia, O-chlorobenzamalonitrile (Chemical warfare tear agent), carrier supply, cast stone, center section, centre section, coil sketch, conduct sheet, conducted susceptibility, core shift, cycle per second, common steel (projectile), common stocks, completely self-protecting, crankshaft, course shift (отклонение от курса)26) Университет: Computer Science27) Физиология: C-section, Cervical spine, Cesarean Section, Contrast sensitivity test28) Электроника: Circuit Simulator, Communication Satellites, Current Sensing29) Вычислительная техника: Card Services, Carrier Selection, card station, channel status, code segment, communication system, computer class, convergence sublayer, Convergence Sublayer (ATM), Coding Scheme (GPRS, Mobile-Systems), Chip Select (IC), Controlled Slip (error event, DS1/E1), Code Segment (register, CPU, Intel, Assembler), регистр сегмента команд30) Нефть: casing seat, compressor station, сантистокс (единица кинематической вязкости), упорное кольцо хвостовика (casing seat), уступ в скважине для опоры башмака обсадной колонны31) Иммунология: Control Systems32) Онкология: Cancer Survivors33) Связь: Capability Set (IN), control selector34) Картография: centre of stream, communication station35) Банковское дело: акция (capital stock), обыкновенная акция (common stock), обычная акция (common stock)36) Транспорт: Charging System37) Пищевая промышленность: Cherry Sunburst38) Силикатное производство: cement-sand ratio39) Экология: climatological study, coastal station, combined sewer40) СМИ: Cable Set, City Sport41) Деловая лексика: Case Size, Collaborative Selling, Consumer Surplus, Corporate Source, Critical Success, Customer Satisfaction, Customer Service, corporate sustainability42) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Carbon Steel (pipes)43) Образование: Creative Storytelling44) Инвестиции: capital stock, common stock45) Сетевые технологии: Client To Server, Concurrent Session, Connect Server, carrier sense, контроль носителя46) Полимеры: calendered sheet, commercial standard, controlled switch, cross section, сопротивление разрыву вулканизата (cured tensile strength)47) Программирование: Capture Stack, Character Set, Chip Select48) Автоматика: cost of storing one part for one year49) Контроль качества: cumulative sum50) Океанография: Committee on Seismology51) Сахалин Ю: sulfur52) Химическое оружие: a tear-producing compound, confirmatory sampling, contractor support53) Авиационная медицина: conditional stimulus54) Безопасность: (аэрозольное) слезоточивое вещество [слезоточивый газ] CS, Case Sensitive, cryptosystem55) Расширение файла: Cyclo-Stationary56) Нефть и газ: ГКС, КС, газокомпрессорная станция, компрессорная станция57) Электричество: защита от перегрузки (congestion safety)58) Электротехника: cable ship59) Имена и фамилии: Carl Sagan, Casey Stengel, Charles Springer, Charlie Springer, Clive Staples60) Расходометрия: (calibrated span) калиброванный интервал61) Hi-Fi. Circle Surround II62) Должность: Committee Substitute, Computing Studies63) Чат: Cool Stuff, Crummy Screen64) Правительство: City Street65) NYSE. Cabletron Systems, Inc.66) Программное обеспечение: Crystal Space67) Хобби: Club Stamp68) Федеральное бюро расследований: Confidential Source69) Виноделие: cold soaking-холодное настаивание70) Клинические исследования: клинически значимый -
19 NCP
1) Общая лексика: National Car Park ( UK)2) Компьютерная техника: Network Control Processor, Network Control Program3) Американизм: National Car Parks, National Competition Policy, Netware Core Protocol4) Военный термин: Naval Capabilities Plan, Network Control Protocol, Nuclear Contingency Plan, national command post, net control procedure5) Техника: noncarbon paper6) Сельское хозяйство: noncapillary porosity7) Юридический термин: Non Custodial Parent, Non-Contracting Party8) Телекоммуникации: Network Configuration Process (NORTEL), NetWare Core Protocol (NetWare), Network Control Protocol (PPP), Network Control Program (SNA, DNA)9) Сокращение: NORAD Command Post (USA), Network Control Points, North Celestial Pole, National contact point10) Вычислительная техника: NetWare Core Protocol; Network Control Program, Non-Carbon Paper, Not Copy Protected, Not Copy-Protected, протокол ядра, Network Control Program (BBN, ARPANET), Network Control Program / Point (IBM), Netware Core Protocol (Novell, IPX)11) Фирменный знак: Northern Concrete Pipe, Inc.12) Экология: National Climate Program13) СМИ: Nashville City Paper, Nevada County Picayune, No Color Preserver, Number Of Channel Programs14) Деловая лексика: No Commercial Potential15) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: National Counteraction Program16) Сетевые технологии: Naming Context Prefix, network control point, программа управления сетью, протокол управления сетью, протокол ядра NetWare, сетевая административная консоль17) Автоматика: normal circular pitch18) Химическое оружие: National Contingency Plan19) Расширение файла: Network Control Processor/Program/Protocol20) Автодорожное право: Nationally Coordinated Program, Национальная координационная программа21) Общественная организация: Natural Child Project, Northwest Community Program22) Аэропорты: Luzon Island, Philippines -
20 cs
1) Общая лексика: Computing Science2) Компьютерная техника: Client Server, Coding Scheme, Communications Server, Computer Support, Ctrl Shift, context-sensitive (см. также CF)3) Биология: conditioned stimulus4) Авиация: Antipersonnel chemical incapacitating agent ( tear gas), call switch, center spar, certification standard5) Медицина: Chronic sinusitis6) Американизм: Confederate States7) Спорт: Cabin Sailer, Calgary Stampede, Camper Sniping, Car Sport, Carolina Spartan, Caught Stealing, Clean Sweep8) Военный термин: Central Servers, Chief Scientist, Classified Sensitive, Coalition Support, Command Staff, Common Software, Communication Services, Communications Service, Communications Software, Communications Support, Communications and Security, Constant Source, Counter Strike, Crew Simulator, Crew Station, Critical Studies, call sign, career-service, central supply, certificate of service, change of station, change of status, chief of section, circular scanning, close support, coded switch, combat scout, combat scout CRZ, close reconnaissance zone, combat serviceable, combat squadron, combat support, command selector, command system, commissary store, common and standard, common shell, communications squadron, communications station, communications system, community service, component specification, composite service, conical scanning, constant speed, construction, contract surgeon, control set, control signal, control station, control switch, control system, cost sharing, countersabotage, cross-section, current series, current strength, Си-Эс (ОВ раздражающего действия)9) Техника: Cassegrain system, calibration storage, call signal, change sheet, chrominance subcarrier, circuit switching, close shot, coarse sand, coast station, communication satellite, communications, communications switch, component support, computer slave, computer synchronization, condensate separator, condensate system, containment safety, containment spray, contract specialist, contrast sensitivity, control storage, control strobe, core spray, corona shower, correctable skew, cost of storing one for one year, current sector address, current status, cyclic storage11) Химия: Composite State12) Строительство: Coal Store13) Анатомия: coronary sinus (венечный синус)14) Математика: общая сумма (cumulative sum)15) Религия: Christian Saint16) Метеорология: Climate Services17) Железнодорожный термин: Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company18) Юридический термин: Civil Service, Constant Speeding, Court of Session, Crooking Shareholders19) Автомобильный термин: comfort shift (gearchange system which electropneumatically facilitates gear changing and provides)20) Грубое выражение: Censored Sucker, Cock Sucker21) Металлургия: Concrete Slab22) Политика: Costa Rica23) Телевидение: converter subcarrier24) Телекоммуникации: Cable Select, Clear To Send, Communications Satellite25) Сокращение: Captain / Commodore Superintendent, Central Services division (UK), Cesium, Chemical Society, Chief of Staff, Circuit Switch, Civil Servant, Civil aircraft marking (Portugal), Combat Support / System, Common Sensor, Communications Subsystem, Computer Science; Computing Science, Cone-Stabilised, Confined Space, Control Section, Costa Rica (NATO country code), County Seat, Customer Specification, Czech, Former Czechoslovakia, O-chlorobenzamalonitrile (Chemical warfare tear agent), carrier supply, cast stone, center section, centre section, coil sketch, conduct sheet, conducted susceptibility, core shift, cycle per second, common steel (projectile), common stocks, completely self-protecting, crankshaft, course shift (отклонение от курса)26) Университет: Computer Science27) Физиология: C-section, Cervical spine, Cesarean Section, Contrast sensitivity test28) Электроника: Circuit Simulator, Communication Satellites, Current Sensing29) Вычислительная техника: Card Services, Carrier Selection, card station, channel status, code segment, communication system, computer class, convergence sublayer, Convergence Sublayer (ATM), Coding Scheme (GPRS, Mobile-Systems), Chip Select (IC), Controlled Slip (error event, DS1/E1), Code Segment (register, CPU, Intel, Assembler), регистр сегмента команд30) Нефть: casing seat, compressor station, сантистокс (единица кинематической вязкости), упорное кольцо хвостовика (casing seat), уступ в скважине для опоры башмака обсадной колонны31) Иммунология: Control Systems32) Онкология: Cancer Survivors33) Связь: Capability Set (IN), control selector34) Картография: centre of stream, communication station35) Банковское дело: акция (capital stock), обыкновенная акция (common stock), обычная акция (common stock)36) Транспорт: Charging System37) Пищевая промышленность: Cherry Sunburst38) Силикатное производство: cement-sand ratio39) Экология: climatological study, coastal station, combined sewer40) СМИ: Cable Set, City Sport41) Деловая лексика: Case Size, Collaborative Selling, Consumer Surplus, Corporate Source, Critical Success, Customer Satisfaction, Customer Service, corporate sustainability42) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Carbon Steel (pipes)43) Образование: Creative Storytelling44) Инвестиции: capital stock, common stock45) Сетевые технологии: Client To Server, Concurrent Session, Connect Server, carrier sense, контроль носителя46) Полимеры: calendered sheet, commercial standard, controlled switch, cross section, сопротивление разрыву вулканизата (cured tensile strength)47) Программирование: Capture Stack, Character Set, Chip Select48) Автоматика: cost of storing one part for one year49) Контроль качества: cumulative sum50) Океанография: Committee on Seismology51) Сахалин Ю: sulfur52) Химическое оружие: a tear-producing compound, confirmatory sampling, contractor support53) Авиационная медицина: conditional stimulus54) Безопасность: (аэрозольное) слезоточивое вещество [слезоточивый газ] CS, Case Sensitive, cryptosystem55) Расширение файла: Cyclo-Stationary56) Нефть и газ: ГКС, КС, газокомпрессорная станция, компрессорная станция57) Электричество: защита от перегрузки (congestion safety)58) Электротехника: cable ship59) Имена и фамилии: Carl Sagan, Casey Stengel, Charles Springer, Charlie Springer, Clive Staples60) Расходометрия: (calibrated span) калиброванный интервал61) Hi-Fi. Circle Surround II62) Должность: Committee Substitute, Computing Studies63) Чат: Cool Stuff, Crummy Screen64) Правительство: City Street65) NYSE. Cabletron Systems, Inc.66) Программное обеспечение: Crystal Space67) Хобби: Club Stamp68) Федеральное бюро расследований: Confidential Source69) Виноделие: cold soaking-холодное настаивание70) Клинические исследования: клинически значимый
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